The antioxidative profile of ethanol and water extract of C. sinensis (cultured) was assessed and initiated to be minimal on superoxide but it moderately inhibited MDA (malondialdehyde) formation (Yamaguchi et al., 2000a). Traditionally, the primary collectors of these plants are the villagers, who collected it during the time of grazing practice (Baral et al., 2015). 15, 216. doi:10.1186/s12906-015-0797-y, Liu, Y., Wang, J., Wang, W., Zhang, H., Zhang, X., and Han, C. (2015). Anti-oxidation activity of different types of natural Cordyceps sinensis and cultured Cordyceps mycelia. has been applied as a remedy for fatigue and weakness, slowing down the symptoms of altitude sickness and giving the patient a boost of energy. J. Nat. Anti-tumour and immuno-stimulating activities of the fruiting bodies of Paecilomyces japonica, a new type of Cordyceps spp. The information should not be understood as individual medical advice. Alternative Med. (2015a). Agric. Hypocholesterolemic effect of hot-water extract from mycelia of Cordyceps sinensis. Thus, it ranks second in the most commercialized species in China, Japan, and Korea, being considered a suitable cheaper substitute for C. sinensis (Chou et al., 2014). Ophiocordyceps sinensis consists of two parts, a fungal endosclerotium (within the caterpillar) and stroma. Antioxidant and immunostimulating activities of the fruiting bodies of Paecilomyces japonica, a new type of Cordyceps sp. The anti-inflammatory effects of water extract from Cordyceps militaris in murine macrophage. In recent decades, interest in the Cordyceps genus has amplified due to its immunostimulatory potential. J. Chin. In each search, normally the review articles were omitted, however, in some instances, some important review articles were also considered. May Boost Exercise Performance Cordyceps are thought to increase the body's production of the molecule adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which is essential for delivering energy to the muscles.. Strangely, sometimes in Chinese English-language texts Cordyceps sinensis is referred to as aweto, which is the Mori name for Ophiocordyceps robertsii, a species from south-eastern Australia and New Zealand.[17]. (2014). Enhancement of Cordyceps taii polysaccharide and Cordyceps pruinosa polysaccharide on cellular immune function in vitro. bioactive constituents with important therapeutic applications associated with other compounds such as nucleotides, polysaccharides, cyclic peptides, sterols, and fatty acids are present in this genus and have shown a wide range of biological activities. (2015) reported that the residual polysaccharide from C. militaris (L.) Fr. 35, 303322. J. Pharm. It is used by some people as a medicine. doi:10.1016/j.fct.2014.04.009, Chou, S. M., Lai, W. J., Hong, T. W., Lai, J. Y., Tsai, S. H., Chen, Y. H., et al. This structure is rich in carbon compared to the white and black colored hyphae, probably due to specialization of the different fungal structures, where the orange hyphae are for carbon storage [3]. Xiao, J. H., Sun, Z. H., Pan, W. D., L, Y. H., Chen, D. X., and Zhong, J. J. [23][6], The use of caterpillar fungus as folk medicine apparently originated in Tibet and Nepal. Cordyceps is a fungus that grows on the caterpillar of a moth. Life Sci. Further, they extended their studies (Gu et al., 2003) and isolated a polysaccharide (210kDa) from cultivated Cordyceps spp. (2004). out of DrWeil.com subscriptions at any time. Alternative Med. doi:10.1016/s0014-5793(03)00427-7, Hsu, T.-H., Shiao, L.-H., Hsieh, C., and Chang, D.-M. (2002). The chemical constituents and pharmacological actions of Cordyceps sinensis. Laboratory studies demonstrate that cordyceps stimulates T helper cells, prolongs lymphocyte survival, enhances TNF-alpha and IL1 production, and increases activity of NK cells(3). Prod. Yao Xue Xue Bao. 32, 142144. Certain Cordycep biochemicals also possess anti-oxidation activity, such as those in the extracts of Cordyceps mycelia and C. sinesis [6]. Considered a mushroom, common names for cordyceps include: vegetable caterpillar, Chinese caterpillar fungus, dong chong xia cao, semitake, hsia tsao tung chung, and yarsha gumba. Alternative Med., 17. Cordycepin inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation by the suppression of NF-B through Akt and p38 inhibition in RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. derived constitutes. 69, 483489. (Jiang, 1987). primarily include glucan, mannan, heteroglycan, and glycoprotein but only -(13) glucan, galactosaminoglycan, and proteopolysaccharide from C. cicadae S.Z. 22, 966970. as hypoglycaemic, hypocholesterolemic, and hypotensive agents. doi:10.1002/cbdv.201100244, Xiao, J. H., Xiao, D. M., Chen, D. X., Xiao, Y., Liang, Z. Q., and Zhong, J. J. from several available bibliographic databanks such as PubMed, SpringerLink, Elsevier journal, Science Direct, Scopus databases, Google search, etc., using keywords and its combination like Cordyceps, cordycepin, natural medicine, immune system, immunostimulation, immunomodulatory, pharmacology, anti-cancer, anti-viral, clinical trials, ethnomedicine, pharmacology, phytochemical analysis, and different species names. doi:10.1615/intjmedmushr.v6.i2.60, Hsu, C.-C., Huang, Y.-L., Tsai, S.-J., Sheu, C.-C., and Huang, B.-M. (2003a). After an expert in fungal biology evaluates the body of an infected factory . Cicadapeptins I and II: new Aib-containing peptides from the entomopathogenic fungus Cordyceps heteropoda. : A Review on Its Immune-Stimulatory and Other Biological Potentials. Cyclodepsipeptides from the ascocarps and insect-body portions of fungus Cordyceps cicadae. These extracts decreased extracellular signalregulated kinase 1/2 signaling pathway, which then suppresses the transcription factor, nuclear factor kappa Bs activity in associated tissue cells [12]. Bull. Out of the 400 species in the genus, all of these parasites make . Med. The polysaccharides derived from edible, medicinal mushrooms were successfully shown to exhibit antitumor and immunomodulating properties which were firstly reported from the fruit body of Lentinusedodes in 1969 (Chihara et al., 1969). doi:10.1016/j.jff.2013.01.034. doi:10.1016/s0378-8741(02)00212-x, Won, K. J., Lee, S. C., Lee, C. K., Lee, H. M., Lee, S. H., Fang, Z., et al. Sci. Food Chem. Nutr. Cordyceps species ability to manipulate host behavior may have evolved around 48 million years ago, as suggested by analysis of marks in fossilized leaves [11]. Similarly, the anti-inflammatory activity of C. sinensis extracts on the human neutrophils response was verified by inhibiting superoxide anion and elastase release. Effects of polysaccharides from Cordyceps sinensis mycelium on physical fatigue in mice. Similarly, CBP-1 a novel polysaccharide was isolated from cultured C. militaris (L.) Fr. Song, and C. ophioglossoides (T. ophioglossoides). An industrial fermentation product i.e. In addition to this, a class of saccharides and polysaccharides such as cyclofurans, a cyclic ring of five-carbon sugars, heteropolysaccharides beta-glucans, beta-mannans cross-connected beta-mannan polymers, and complex polysaccharides comprising of both five and six carbon sugars were also discovered from Cordyceps spp. 113, 4247. Int. Clinical and laboratory studies of JinShuiBao in scavenging oxygen free radicals in elderly senescent XuZheng patients. In another study on MA-10 mouse Leydig tumor cell, cordycepin induced apoptosis was reported to involve caspase -9, 3, and -7 dependent pathway (Jen et al., 2011). Ji et al. 16, 247257. Bioorg. Ecology and dispersal Cordyceps militaris is a entomopathogenic fungus, meaning it parasitizes insects. Bull. Immunotoxicol. Med. Yu, L., Zhao, J., Li, S. P., Fan, H., Hong, M., Wang, Y. T., et al. Med. Anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive effects of cordymin, a peptide purified from the medicinal mushroom Cordyceps sinensis. Li, B. Huang and M.Z. Cordycepin has been associated with various therapeutic ailments including intracellular targets, nucleic acid, apoptosis, and cell cycle. 14, 271273. doi:10.20307/nps.2017.23.3.162, Yoon, J. Y., Kim, J. H., Baek, K. S., Kim, G. S., Lee, S. E., Lee, D. Y., et al. (2006). (1993) also presented the intraperitoneal administration of CS-F10, a polysaccharide purified from hot water extract of cultured mycelium of C. sinensis, on normal, STZ-induced diabetic and epinephrine-induced hyperglycemic mice lowered the plasma glucose level and increased the activity of hepatic glucokinase. J. Med. Life Sci. doi:10.2741/e245, Dou, Y., Xiao, J.-H., Xia, X.-X., and Zhong, J.-J. (2008). doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.10.081. Induction of HL-60 apoptosis by ethyl acetate extract of Cordyceps sinensis fungal mycelium. Effects of heat on the biological activity of wild Cordyceps sinensis. Polym. J. Res. mycelia having strong anti-oxidative activity. 10.1078/0944-7113-00030, (7) Lei, W., Li, S., Peng, Q., Zhang, G., & Liu, X. The results documented that C. sinensis extract can ameliorate the brain function and possess antioxidant activity by improving the activity of SOD, GPx, and catalase as well as lower the level of lipid peroxidation and monoamine oxidase. Biosci. 17, 189191. J. Ethnopharmacol. 68, 10671082. Biomed. Some products may not mix well with drugs or other natural products. Human Wellness. Developing trends in the field have also been appraised. The fungus Cordyceps spp. strains BCC 16173 and BCC 16176. Mechanistically Cordyceps spp. [29] In 2011 the value of a kilogram of caterpillars was estimated at 350,000 to 450,000 Nepali rupees in Nepal. 2023 Mar 1;9(3):e14184. Trad. focused on the stimulatory properties of immunity. 33, 9096. (1996). Hill H. Art. Polysaccharides derived from Cordyceps spp. The inhibitory effect of Cordycepin on the proliferation of MCF-7 breast cancer cells, and its mechanism: an investigation using network pharmacology-based analysis. Pharmaceut. 24, 423427. 4-Isopropyl-2,6-bis(1-phenylethyl)aniline 1, an analogue of KTH-13 isolated from Cordyceps bassiana, inhibits the NF-B-Mediated inflammatory response. Chemical constituents identified from fruit body of Cordyceps bassiana and their anti-inflammatory activity. EPSF has already shown that it can scavenge free radicals, promote the differentiation of cell cancer, and improve the ability of antitumor activity by triggering many immune responses (Sheng et al., 2011). Effects of Cordyceps sinensis on natural killer activity and colony formation of B16 melanoma. Herbal supplements are stronger than the herbs youd use in cooking. Chen et al. Res. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2011.01.022, Hao, L. I., Pan, M.-S., Zheng, Y. U. N., and Wang, R.-F. (2014). There are a number of compounds present in the Cordyceps spp. A summary of the factors involved in cordyceps-induced hypoglycemic activity is depicted in Table 3. You should not use the information on this website for diagnosing or treating a health problem or disease, or prescribing any medication or other treatment. The mycological features, related species and vernacular names are given in Table 1. doi:10.1039/c8fo00027a, Sun, J., Xu, J., Wang, S., Hou, Z., Lu, X., An, L., et al. Biochem. 21, 372378. They documented that CordyMax remarkably improved the bioenergy status in the murine liver by increasing the level of -ATP (adenosine triphosphate). sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal Int. Effects of a water-soluble extract of Cordyceps sinensis on steroidogenesis and capsular morphology of lipid droplets in cultured rat adrenocortical cells. B) Media Preparation. It is the best method carried out under moderate conditions and its purest form to extract bioactive compounds (especially non-polar compounds), without toxic organic solvents for extraction. 285, 26102621. and Transplant. Gradually the host larvae become rigid because of the production of fungal sclerotia. 16, 585590. 3, 112. Huang, Y. L., Leu, S. F., Liu, B. C., Sheu, C. C., and Huang, B. M. (2004). A Real-time qPCR Assay to Quantify doi:10.1271/bbb.100262, Chen, Y. C., Huang, Y. L., and Huang, B. M. (2005). Antitumour activity of cordycepin in mice. J. The Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 65(4), 474-493. 29, 953958. doi:10.1142/S0192415X11009007, Wu, P., Tao, Z., Liu, H., Jiang, G., Ma, C., Wang, C., et al. 153, 187195. It is also sold as a dietary supplement product. Food Drug Anal. In conclusion, new future efforts are needed to elucidate the bioactive compounds present in Cordyceps genus and its therapeutic potential. 2, 3238. Liu, J., and Fei, Y. Cordyceps spp. 69, 25932602. possesses antiangiogenic properties as evident via inhibition of tube formation in endothelial cells and matrix metallopeptidase (MMP) reduction, a factor related to metastasis and invasion (Yoo et al., 2004). Alternative Compl. (2014). Pract. In TCM, C. cicadae S.Z. Med. Med. fruiting body-derived cordycepin acts as a naturally occurring insecticide against Plutella xylostella L. larvae via direct effect rather than an inhibitory action of chitin synthesis and that this compound has stomach action. Retrieved Oct Cordyceps spp. Pharmacology constituent and function of Cordyceps sinensis. Aqueous extract from another species, C. militaris (L.) Fr. (2006). In vitro antitrypanosomal activity of the cyclodepsipeptides, cardinalisamides AC, from the insect pathogenic fungus Cordyceps cardinalis NBRC 103832. J. Chin. Am. 26, 351356. (1993) displayed that polysaccharides obtained from the cultivated mycelium of C. sinensis (CS-F30) lower the plasma glucose level in normal and streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic mice by intraperitoneal administration in comparison to slight lowering through oral administration. As per the study, cyclic (bacterial) dipeptides inhibit the development of aflatoxin (Yan et al., 2004) and protein rates differ greatly in the sum of dead larvae (29.1%), fruit body (30.4%), and mycelial fermentation (14.8%). Anti-asthmatic activities in mycelial extract and culture filtrate of Cordyceps sphecocephala J201. 68, 5055. A. 70, 11661172. The genus Cordyceps: an extensive review of its traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology. Sacc. Call us at 833-347-1665 to make an appointment. Wang, Y. H., Ye, J., Li, C. L., Cai, S. Q., Ishizaki, M., and Katada, M. (2004). (2010). [25] In the 18th century it was listed in Wu Yiluo's Ben cao cong xin ("New compilation of materia medica"). The fungi contributed 40% of the annual cash income to local households and 8.5% to the GDP in 2004. Mechanism of action of the Cordyceps spp.-induced pharmacological activities. (2009). Cordycepin and Cordyceps sinensis reduce the growth of human promyelocytic leukaemia cells through the Wnt signaling pathway. was testified to have the hydroxyl radical-scavenging power. J. Ethnopharmacol. And so are the livelihoods of the people who depend on it", "Recent advances in Cordyceps sinensis polysaccharides: mycelial fermentation, isolation, structure, and bioactivities: a review", "Host insect species of Ophiocordyceps sinensis: a review", "What is the Chinese caterpillar fungus Ophiocordyceps sinensis (Ophiocordycipitaceae)? Evid. Yu, L. X., Zhang, B. Evaluation of the anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferation tumoral cells activities of Antrodiacamphorata, Cordyceps sinensis, and Cinnamomum osmophloeum bark extracts. PMID: 21882527. While for indomethacin, 38.32, and 31.98g/ml, respectively, were required (Yang et al., 2011). Our scientists pursue every aspect of cancer researchfrom exploring the biology of genes and cells, to developing immune-based treatments, uncovering the causes of metastasis, and more. Growth inhibitors against tumor cells in Cordyceps sinensis other than cordycepin and polysaccharides. Am. 63, 34643471. The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. 74, 28972908. 2015, 575063. doi:10.1155/2015/575063, Lo, H.-C., Hsieh, C., Lin, F.-Y., and Hsu, T.-H. (2013). Biotransformation of components. doi:10.1095/biolreprod.103.022855, Huang, B. M., Hsu, C. C., Tsai, S. J., Sheu, C. C., and Leu, S. F. (2001). On each of the four species of infected carpenter ant . Cordyceps species, its extracts, and bioactive constituents have been related with cytokine production such as interleukin (IL)-1, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-, phagocytosis stimulation of immune cells, nitric oxide production by increasing inducible nitric oxide synthase activity, and stimulation of inflammatory response via mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. J Ethnopharmacol. Purification and antioxidative activities of a water-soluble polysaccharide isolated from Cordyceps gunnii (berk mycelium). Zhan, Z. J., Fan, C. Q., Ding, J., and Yue, J. M. (2005). has a hypoglycemic activity in nicotinamide (NA) and STZ-induced diabetic rats as evident by attenuation of the polydipsia, hyperglycemia, and weight loss (Lo et al., 2004). doi:10.1002/1099-1573(200012)14:8<647::aid-ptr670>3.0.co;2-w, Yamaguchi, Y., Kagota, S., Nakamura, K., Shinozuka, K., and Kunitomo, M. (2000b). 36, 11691176. As a reservoir of resources, the host body needs to be sheltered to last after death [3]. The fungal cells spread throughout the body and proliferate rapidly during the winter, consuming all internal organs of the larva, leaving intact the exoskeleton. Exp. In a study to document the effect of C. sinensis on T-lymphocyte subsets of chronic renal failure patients, it was reported that different components of Cordyceps spp. environments [4]. They grow osmotrophically: they secrete enzymes to degrade external substrates,and then absorb the resulting sugars and amino acids [3]. Sci. 38, 239250. It was officially classified as a drug in 1964 in Chinese Pharmacopoeia (Shashidhar et al., 2013), being C. sinensis and C. militaris (L.) Fr. Pharmaceut. 120, 2937. Wildlife and plants in traditional and modern Tibet: Conceptions, Exploitation and Conservation. It was reported that cordycepin associates with adenosine receptors to activate the cAMP-PKA-StAR pathway and steroidogenesis in the mouse Leydig cells (Leu et al., 2011). Effect of Cordyceps sinensis and Tripterygium wilfordii polyglycosidium on podocytes in rats with diabetic nephropathy. 2020R1G1A1004667), Republic of Korea. Cordycepin is an immunoregulatory active ingredient of Cordyceps sinensis. 19, 294296. Inflammation by Blocking NF-B Activity. Boston: Springer US. 2005 Jan 4;96(1-2):19-29. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2004.09.029. (2012). Simultaneous determination of ergosterol, nucleosides and their bases from natural and cultured Cordyceps by pressurised liquid extraction and high-performance liquid chromatography. Patients must speak with a health care provider for complete information about their health, medical questions, and treatment options, including any risks or benefits regarding use of medications. modulates the release of sexual hormones such as testosterone, estrogen, and progesterone, controlling reproductive activity, and restoring the impaired functions (Sohn et al., 2012). concentrate and cordycepin elicit apoptosis via caspase-7, -8, and -9 involving the increase of Bcl-2-associated x protein (Bax)/Bcl-2 protein expression ratio and decreasing X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP) thus confirming its anti-cancer property (Lee et al., 2019). doi:10.1016/j.nutres.2015.04.011, Ma, M.-W., Gao, X.-S., Yu, H.-L., Qi, X., Sun, S.-Q., and Wang, D. (2018). Reprod. Panda, A. K., and Swain, K. C. (2011). J. Pharmacol. Pharmaceut. The traditional Chinese medicine Cordyceps sinensis and its effects on apoptotic homeostasis. Antiviral activity of Cordyceps guangdongensis against influenza virus infections in mice. Yoshida, J., Takamura, S., Yamaguchi, N., Ren, L. J., Chen, H., Koshimura, S., et al. "Caterpillar fungus" is a preferred term. Res. Lett. Biosci. J. Nat. Cordyceps militaris extract suppresses dextran sodium sulfate-induced acute colitis in mice and production of inflammatory mediators from macrophages and mast cells. government site. 97, 2327. Recently a study to isolate and characterize cerebrosides with anti- PTP1B activity from C. militaris (L.) Fr. Evid Based Complement Alternat. 122, 494498. Mushrooms. (1963). Med. (2016b). that exhibited free-radical-scavenging effects (Jing et al., 2015). Here's the timeline, as we understand it. Received: 03 September 2020; Accepted: 02 December 2020;Published: 08 February 2021. doi:10.1016/j.tetlet.2012.02.088, Balon, T. W., Jasman, A. P., and Zhu, J.-S. (2002). (1992) delineated the effects of the C. sinensis (ethanolic extract) on murine and human natural killer (NK) activity and on colony formation of B16 melanoma in mouse lungs, where they reported the augmentation of the in vivo and in vitro NK activities of the mouse. Tracing historical perspective of Cordyceps sinensis -an aphrodisiac in Sikkim Himalaya. (Wu F Y et al., 2011). Minor withanolides from Physalis philadelphica: structures, quinone reductase induction activities, and liquid chromatography (LC)-MS-MS investigation as artifacts.